Twenty-One Studies - Type II Diabetes
Banting Diets Have Normalised or Reversed Type II Diabetes
Weight Loss + Lower Triglycerides and Higher HDL-C
A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity (2003)
Frederick F. Samaha, M.D., Nayyar Iqbal, M.D., Prakash Seshadri, M.D., Kathryn L. Chicano, C.R.N.P., Denise A. Daily, R.D., Joyce McGrory, C.R.N.P., Terrence Williams, B.S., Monica Williams, B.S., Edward J. Gracely, Ph.D., and Linda Stern, M.D.
Conclusions: Taken together, our findings demonstrate that severely obese subjects with a high prevalence of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome lost more weight during six months on a carbohydrate-restricted diet than on a calorie- and fat-restricted diet. The carbohydrate-restricted diet led to greater improvements in insulin sensitivity that were independent of weight loss and a greater reduction in triglyceride levels in subjects who lost more than 5 percent of their base-line weight.
A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. (2004)
William S Yancy Jr, Maren K Olsen, John R Guyton, Ronna P Bakst, Eric C Westman
Conclusions: Compared with a low-fat diet, a low-carbohydrate diet program had better participant retention and greater weight loss. During active weight loss, serum triglyceride levels decreased more and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level increased more with the low-carbohydrate diet than with the low-fat diet.
K. A. McAuley, C. M. Hopkins, K. J. Smith, R. T. McLay, S. M. Williams, R. W. Taylor & J. I. Mann
Conclusions: During the first 8 weeks of the study all three diets produced a decrease in fasting insulin levels that was maintained throughout the study period. The observed improvement in key indicators of insulin resistance (central adiposity, hyperinsulinaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia) confirms that insulin sensitivity was improved by all three dietary regimens. The greater reductions in waist circumference and triglycerides observed in the HF and HP groups indicate that insulin sensitivity may have been improved to a greater extent by the alternative diets than by the HC diet. However, given that the aim in insulin-resistant individuals is to reduce the cardiovascular risk as well as to reduce the risk of developing diabetes, the observed effect of the HF approach on LDL levels suggests that the HP diet offers a distinct advantage.
Kevin D O'Brien, Bonnie J Brehm, Randy J Seeley, Judy Bean, Mark H Wener, Stephen Daniels, David A D'Alessio
Conclusions: In otherwise healthy, obese women, weight loss was associated with significant decreases in both SAA and CRP. These effects were proportional to the amount of weight lost but independent of dietary macronutrient composition.
Eric C Westman, William S Yancy Jr, John C Mavropoulos, Megan Marquart, and Jennifer R McDuffie
Conclusions: In summary, lifestyle modification using two diets that reduce carbohydrate intake led to improvement in glycemic control, diabetic medication elimination/reduction, and weight loss in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes over a 24-week period in the outpatient setting. The diet containing fewer carbohydrates, the low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet, was more effective for improving glycemic control than the low glycemic diet. Lifestyle modification using low-carbohydrate diet interventions are effective for improving obesity and type 2 diabetes, and may play an important role in reversing the current epidemic of 'diabesity.'
Nichola J. Davis, MD, MS; Nora Tomuta, MD; Clyde Schechter, MD; Carmen R. Isasi, MD, PHD; C.J. Segal-Isaacson, EDD, RD; Daniel Stein, MD; Joel Zonszein, MD; Judith Wylie-Rosett, EDD, RD
Conclusions: Among patients with type 2 diabetes, after 1 year a low-carbohydrate diet had effects on weight and HbA1c similar to those seen with a low-fat diet. There was no significant effect on blood pressure, but the low-carbohydrate diet produced a greater increase in HDL cholesterol.
Una Bradley; Michelle Spence; C. Hamish Courtney; Michelle C. McKinley; Cieran N. Ennis; David R. McCance; Jane McEneny; Patrick M. Bell; Ian S. Young; Steven J. Hunter
We investigated a low‐fat (20% fat, 60% carbohydrate) versus a low‐carbohydrate (60% fat, 20% carbohydrate) weight reduction diet in 24 overweight/obese subjects.
A change in overall systemic arterial stiffness was, however, significantly different between diets, with a significant decrease in augmentation index following the low‐fat diet.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates comparable effects on insulin resistance of low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets independent of macronutrient content. The difference in augmentation index may imply a negative effect of low-carbohydrate diets on vascular risk.
NOTE: Low Carb 20% double what Banting calls Low Carb 10% or less than 50gm a day.
The augmentation index (AI) is an indicator of arterial stiffness that has been shown to be higher in those with hypercholesterolemia. (High Cholesterol)
H. Guldbrand, B. Dizdar, B. Bunjaku, T. Lindström, M. Bachrach-Lindström, M. Fredrikson, C. J. Östgren & F. H. Nystrom
Conclusions: Weight changes did not differ between the diet groups, while insulin doses were reduced significantly more with the LCD at 6 months, when compliance was good. Thus, aiming for 20% of energy intake from carbohydrates is safe with respect to cardiovascular risk compared with the traditional LFD and this approach could constitute a treatment alternative.
NOTE: 20% energy from carbohydrates is not yet Low Carb.
A very low-carbohydrate, low-saturated fat diet for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial (2014)
Jeannie Tay, Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh, Campbell H Thompson, Manny Noakes, Jon D Buckley, Gary A Wittert, William S Yancy Jr, Grant D Brinkworth
Conclusions: Both diets achieved substantial improvements for several clinical glycemic control and CVD risk markers. These improvements and reductions in GV and antiglycemic medication requirements were greatest with the LC compared with HC. This suggests an LC diet with low saturated fat may be an effective dietary approach for T2DM management if effects are sustained beyond 24 weeks.
Yoshifumi Yamada, Junichi Uchida, Hisa Izumi, Yoko Tsukamoto, Gaku Inoue, Yuichi Watanabe, Junichiro Irie, Satoru Yamada
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a low-carbohydrate diet is effective in lowering the HbA1c and triglyceride levels in patients with type 2 diabetes who are unable to adhere to a calorie-restricted diet.
Lena Jonasson, Hans Guldbrand, Anna K. Lundberg, and Fredrik H. Nystrom
Conclusions: To conclude, advice to follow LCD or LFD had similar effects on weight reduction while effects on inflammation differed. Only LCD was found significantly to improve the subclinical inflammatory state in type 2 diabetes.
Laura R. Saslow, Sarah Kim, Jennifer J. Daubenmier, Judith T. Moskowitz, Stephen D. Phinney, Veronica Goldman, Elizabeth J. Murphy, Rachel M. Cox, Patricia Moran, Fredrick M. Hecht
Conclusions: Our data suggest that, in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes, a very low carbohydrate, high fat, non calorie-restricted diet may be more effective at improving blood glucose control than a medium carbohydrate, low fat, calorie-restricted, carbohydrate counting diet that remains the standard for most diabetes education efforts.
Comparison of low- and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial (2015)
Jeannie Tay, Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh, Campbell H Thompson, Manny Noakes, Jonathan D Buckley, Gary A Wittert, William S Yancy, Jr, Grant D Brinkworth
Conclusions: Both the LC and HC diets produced comparable weight loss and improvements in HbA1c and several CVD risk markers. The LC diet had more favorable effects on triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and glycemic control as shown by lower diabetes medication requirements and greater attenuation of diurnal blood glucose fluctuation. These results suggest that LC diets with high-unsaturated and low-saturated fat contents may be advantageous for T2DM management over the long term.
Junko Sato, Akio Kanazawa, Sumiko Makita, Chie Hatae, Koji Komiya, Tomoaki Shimizu, Fuki Ikeda, Yoshifumi Tamura, Nao Hirashima, Yoshio Fujitani, Hirotaka Watada
Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that 6-month 130 g/day LCD reduced HbA1c and BMI in poorly controlled Japanese patients with T2DM. LCD is a potentially useful nutrition therapy for Japanese patients who cannot adhere to CRD.
A Goday, D Bellido, I Sajoux, A B Crujeiras, B Burguera, P P García-Luna, A Oleaga, B Moreno & F F Casanueva
Conclusions: The interventional weight loss program based on a VLCK diet is most effective in reducing body weight and improvement of glycemic control than a standard hypocaloric diet with safety and good tolerance for T2DM patients.
Laura R Saslow, Ashley E Mason, Sarah Kim, Veronica Goldman, Robert Ploutz-Snyder, Hovig Bayandorian, Jennifer Daubenmier, Frederick M Hecht, Judith T Moskowitz
Conclusions: Individuals with type 2 diabetes improved their glycemic control and lost more weight after being randomized to a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and lifestyle online program rather than a conventional, low-fat diabetes diet online program. Thus, the online delivery of these very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and lifestyle recommendations may allow them to have a wider reach in the successful self-management of type 2 diabetes.
Weight Loss + Increased Energy and Lower Insulin Secretion
Long-term Effects of a Very Low-Carbohydrate Diet and a Low-Fat Diet on Mood and Cognitive Function (2009)
Grant D. Brinkworth, PhD; Jonathan D. Buckley, PhD; Manny Noakes, PhD;
Conclusions: Over 1 year, there was a favorable effect of an energy-restricted LF diet compared with an isocaloric LC diet on mood state and affect in overweight and obese individuals. Both diets had similar effects on working memory and speed of processing.
Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance. (2018)
Cara B Ebbeling, principal investigator, Henry A Feldman, Gloria L Klein, Julia M W Wong, Lisa Bielak, Sarah K Steltz, Patricia K Luoto, Robert R Wolfe, William W Wong, David S Ludwig
Conclusions: Consistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model, lowering dietary carbohydrate increased energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance. This metabolic effect may improve the success of obesity treatment, especially among those with high insulin secretion.
Weight Loss + Lower HbA1c and Lower Insulin Secretion
Short-term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate-restriction advice in Type 2 diabetes (2005)
M. E. Daly, R. Paisey, B. A. Millward, C. Eccles, K. Williams, S. Hammersley, K. M. MacLeod, T. J. Gale
Conclusions: Carbohydrate restriction was an effective method of achieving short-term weight loss compared with standard advice, but this was at the expense of an increase in relative saturated fat intake.
Pam A. Dyson, S. Beatty, D. R. Matthews
Conclusions: Aim: To assess the impact of a low-carbohydrate diet on body weight, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), ketone and lipid levels in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The diet was equally effective in those with and without diabetes.
Laura R. Saslow, Jennifer J. Daubenmier, Judith T. Moskowitz, Sarah Kim, Elizabeth J. Murphy, Stephen D. Phinney, Robert Ploutz-Snyder, Veronica Goldman, Rachel M. Cox, Ashley E. Mason, Patricia Moran & Frederick M. Hecht
Conclusions: The results suggest that adults with prediabetes or noninsulin-dependent type 2 diabetes may be able to improve glycemic control with less medication by following an ad libitum very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet compared to a moderate-carbohydrate, calorie-restricted low-fat diet.
Junko Sato, Akio Kanazawa, Chie Hatae, Sumiko Makita, Koji Komiya, Tomoaki Shimizu, Fuki Ikeda, Yoshifumi Tamura, Takeshi Ogihara, Tomoya Mita, Hiromasa Goto, Toyoyoshi Uchida, Takeshi Miyatsuka, Hirotaka Watada
Conclusions: One year after the diet therapy intervention, the beneficial effect of the LCD on reduction of HbA1c and BMI did not persist in comparison with CRD. However, combining the data of both groups, significant improvements in HbA1c and BMI from baseline were observed.
